Visual testing is one of the most used NDT methods, usuallythe first part of any inspection, due to its immediate evaluation. Once the visual testing is performed, it can be established which nondestructive method can be further used.   APPLICATIONS:•The identification of all visible flaws on the surface.•The inspection of less accessible areas. TYPES OF EXAMINATIONS:•Direct examination;•Indirect examination using magnifiers, endoscopes etc. ADVANTAGES •Simplicity;•Speed;•Low costs.

This examination consists of applying a dye penetrant on the examined surface. After penetration time, the developer is applied. Due to the absorption properties of the developer is highlight the discontinuities open to the surface.   APPLICATIONS: •Identification of all defects opened to the surface, including the ones that can not be seen on visual examination.•Examination of welded joints of metallic and nonmetallic (ceramic, aluminum, etc.) TYPES OF EXAMINATIONS: •Dye penetrant examination - color contrast.•Fluorescent penetrant examination. ADVANTAGES: •The method is very sensitive to the presence of small superficial discontinuities which makes it superior to visual examination.•There are few use limitations. At the same time, several small objects can be tested without compromising quality standards,thus saving time and reducing costs considerably.•Complex geometries can also be tested.

Magnetic The technique exploits a special feature of ferrous alloys – ferromagnetism; it is the ability to focus the magnetic field on an area in order to highlight the anomalies of the flux lines of magnetic field in the surface defect. APPLICATIONS: Identification of surface defects and its vicinity’s defects.Examination of material surfaces likely to crack. TYPES OF EXAMINATIONS: Color contrast magnetic particle testing.Fluorescent magnetic particle testing. ADVANTAGES: •In contrast to other types of examinations, the magnetic particle can determine the surface defects even in the vicinity. In addition, using this method it is not necessary to clean the surface before, aspect which confers an advantage linked so the execution time, and the conditions in which the examination can be performed.•The necessary equipment is portable, and the result is immediate.•High speed examination.•Simplici ty and ease in per forming the examination.

The me thod is based on mechanical waves (ultra sound ) gene ra ted by a piezo-magnetically excited element at a frequency typically in the range between 2 and 5 MHz. Control involves the transmission, reflection, absorption of ultrasonic propagated wave in the controlled part. Transmitted wave beam is reflected within the play and the flaws, then returns to the flaw that can be both transmitter and receiver. Positioning fault is done by interpretation of the signals.   APPLICATIONS: •Identification of internal defects in welds, metal, plastics, ceramics,glass.•Examination of plates,castings and forgings. TYPES OF EXAMINATIONS: Pulse-echo ultrasound examination using longitudinal and transverse waves. ADVANTAGES: •Ultrasonic examination presents a series of advantages compared to other non-destructive methods, it has a high sensitivity and high mobility.•Using the method is not limited only to magnetic materials (as with magnetic particles) nor to the discontinuities open to the surface (such as dye penetrant) and to the scan, it does not require any kind ofradiation protection.•The possibility of determining the position of the defect in the controlled part.•Mobility of the equipment.